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Tatbir, also known as Zanjeer Zani or Qama Zani, is a tradition by Shia Muslims where they would hit themselves with swords or whip themselves with chains or knife-whips until and sometimes even after they lacerate themselves deeply and sometimes get sword carvings into their scalp and skull in order to remember and feel the pain that the Shia Muslim prophet Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ), the grandson of Mohammed, felt during the battle of Karbala on October 10, 680 (Or, as according to the Muslim Hijri calendar, 10 Muharram, 61 AH). The battle resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, many of Husayn's family members taken prisoner, and the start of the second fitna by the Umayyad Caliphate's army led by Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان).

This tradition isn't accepted in most of the Shia community, though the largest sector of Shia Islam (Twelver Shi'ism) practices it they don't always practice in the violent and bloody way as it's shown in many videos and pictures. It's actively contested by many Shia clerics, since self-harm is considered haram in Islam many modernist clerics deem the practice of tatbir as impermissible. But most religious authorities associate all forms of self-flagellation and blood-letting as ways to relate to painful deaths during the battle of Karbala by Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib and supporters. Many well known clerics including Ruhollah Khomeini and Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei state that it's permissible to practice tatbir, though a lot of clerics including Ali Khamenei and Naser Makarem Shirazi state that it is forbidden and unnecessary especially if it induces harm. Many Shias who celebrate and practice the tradition and don't want to cause immense harm to themselves instead beat on their chests or hit their heads with their bare hands instead of using swords or whips on themselves. Though some don't even recommend beating oneself and instead people like Iraqi sociologist Ibrahim al-Haidari and the leader of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, called for the abandonment of how Tatbir is practiced and called for it to be replaced with Shias making blood donations. Many went along with this sentiment, an example would be how a man named Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine established a blood bank in Najaf, Iraq to donate blood on Ashura day to patients who need it in replacement with regular Tatbir.

The tradition is always celebrated on October 10th, or 10 Muharram depending if you're using the Hijri calendar, and on the 40th day after Ashura which is known as Arba'een (Arabic: الأربعين), or in Persian as Chehelom (Persian: چهالم), which both literally translate to fortieth.

The tradition is celebrated and practiced all around the Middle East including Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Afghanistan (Though it has either remained underground or no one practices anymore due to the Taliban), Pakistan, and India. Iraq is the main country in the Middle East to have the largest congregation of people celebrating Tatbir almost every year. The tradition has moved into western countries as well, with Shias in western countries including the United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany. Though in the western countries many practice the harmful part in mosques or private residences, some do it in public or publicly yet secluded areas.

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